輕(qing)(qing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)消費品業(ye)主要(yao)是指(zhi)生(sheng)產(chan)消費資(zi)料的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)部門(men)。如(ru)：食品、紡織、皮革、造紙(zhi)、日用(yong)化工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、文教藝(yi)術體(ti)育用(yong)品工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)等。輕(qing)(qing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)是城鄉居(ju)民生(sheng)活消費資(zi)料的(de)主要(yao)來源，按其所(suo)使用(yong)原(yuan)料的(de)不同可分為(wei)兩類：以農產(chan)品為(wei)原(yuan)料的(de)輕(qing)(qing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)和(he)以非農產(chan)品為(wei)原(yuan)料的(de)輕(qing)(qing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)。
輕工行業(ye)的發展趨(qu)勢：
1、輕(qing)工企業(ye)(ye)加(jia)大(da)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型升(sheng)(sheng)級(ji)力(li)度(du)。為應對外(wai)需不穩(wen)、綜(zong)合(he)成(cheng)本上升(sheng)(sheng)、貿易摩擦加(jia)劇等壓力(li)，輕(qing)工企業(ye)(ye)普遍加(jia)大(da)了轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型升(sheng)(sheng)級(ji)力(li)度(du)：一是(shi)加(jia)大(da)品(pin)牌建(jian)設力(li)度(du)，建(jian)立全(quan)球銷(xiao)售網絡(luo)，在收購國(guo)外(wai)品(pin)牌的同時(shi)，大(da)力(li)推(tui)廣自有(you)品(pin)牌;二是(shi)創新技術(shu)提升(sheng)(sheng)品(pin)質(zhi)。面(mian)對嚴峻的外(wai)貿形勢(shi)，輕(qing)工企業(ye)(ye)致力(li)于從成(cheng)本和(he)價(jia)格優(you)勢(shi)向(xiang)綜(zong)合(he)競(jing)爭優(you)勢(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變，通(tong)過(guo)引進(jin)新型生產線，降低成(cheng)本，提高質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)，提升(sheng)(sheng)生產效益，同時(shi)注重產品(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控制;三是(shi)發展跨境(jing)電商，積極“走出(chu)去(qu)”拓渠道。隨著國(guo)家“互聯(lian)網+”的政策向(xiang)導，越來(lai)越多的企業(ye)(ye)積極響應，大(da)力(li)發展跨境(jing)電商。
2、環保疊加供給側(ce)改(gai)革，淘汰落后產能(neng)取得積極(ji)進展，市場結構得到了優(you)化。造化解產能(neng)過剩、優(you)化市場結構起到積極(ji)作用。
3、品牌競爭尚跟不上消(xiao)(xiao)費升級(ji)的需求，國(guo)內消(xiao)(xiao)費需求轉嫁至國(guo)外(wai)(wai)或傾向(xiang)國(guo)外(wai)(wai)品牌。2015年，中國(guo)消(xiao)(xiao)費者全球奢侈品消(xiao)(xiao)費高達1168億(yi)美元，同比增長9%，占(zhan)全球奢侈品消(xiao)(xiao)費的46%左(zuo)右(you)，并(bing)逐漸向(xiang)電(dian)器(qi)、日(ri)(ri)化、食品等日(ri)(ri)常用(yong)品方(fang)向(xiang)傾斜。同時(shi)，奶粉、兒(er)童用(yong)品等海外(wai)(wai)網購也高速發展。不論(lun)奢侈品、輕奢用(yong)品還是日(ri)(ri)常用(yong)品，中國(guo)市(shi)場正不斷被(bei)外(wai)(wai)國(guo)品牌所吸(xi)引。同時(shi)，國(guo)外(wai)(wai)的一線品牌在中國(guo)不斷擴張(zhang)，其業績和(he)利潤均(jun)有增長。
4、核(he)心(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)未(wei)掌握，技(ji)(ji)術(shu)標(biao)準(zhun)不(bu)完善，缺乏知識產(chan)(chan)權保護。我國(guo)(guo)(guo)輕工產(chan)(chan)品(pin)不(bu)是沒有(you)核(he)心(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)，而是核(he)心(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)不(bu)夠(gou)核(he)心(xin)(xin)，部分企(qi)業(ye)以國(guo)(guo)(guo)際品(pin)牌馬首是瞻，國(guo)(guo)(guo)外(wai)企(qi)業(ye)做(zuo)什(shen)么國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)企(qi)業(ye)就跟什(shen)么，缺少變革性(xing)的(de)(de)核(he)心(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)外(wai)很多產(chan)(chan)品(pin)均(jun)為國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)代工，但相同(tong)(tong)代工廠家生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)與(yu)外(wai)銷產(chan)(chan)品(pin)質量(liang)相比(bi)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)較(jiao)大差距，一(yi)方面(mian)說明相同(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)外(wai)標(biao)準(zhun)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，另一(yi)方面(mian)還是在(zai)(zai)(zai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)設計(ji)、核(he)心(xin)(xin)部件等方面(mian)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)差異。例如，制鞋中涉及的(de)(de)減(jian)震系統、飛(fei)織技(ji)(ji)術(shu)。
5、人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)、融(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)等成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)擠壓(ya)企(qi)業(ye)利潤(run)，匯(hui)率波動(dong)對(dui)出(chu)口(kou)(kou)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)影響(xiang)，行業(ye)向(xiang)外轉移，部(bu)(bu)分產品國(guo)外市(shi)場(chang)占有率下降。輕(qing)(qing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)行業(ye)需求總體平(ping)穩，但外需市(shi)場(chang)萎縮(suo)，輕(qing)(qing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)保持30多(duo)年(nian)的(de)(de)出(chu)口(kou)(kou)優(you)勢正在減弱。主(zhu)要原因是(shi)由(you)于國(guo)內勞動(dong)力(li)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)高(gao)，部(bu)(bu)分出(chu)口(kou)(kou)導向(xiang)型產業(ye)向(xiang)東(dong)(dong)南亞轉移，擠占了中(zhong)國(guo)出(chu)口(kou)(kou)市(shi)場(chang)。近年(nian)來，輕(qing)(qing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)年(nian)均人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)普遍上(shang)(shang)漲10%左(zuo)右，部(bu)(bu)分行業(ye)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)年(nian)均增長(chang)12%～15%，而(er)東(dong)(dong)南亞人(ren)(ren)力(li)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)目前僅為(wei)國(guo)內的(de)(de)1/10～1/5;資(zi)(zi)(zi)金成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)更反映在在融(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)難上(shang)(shang)。銀行機構(gou)對(dui)企(qi)業(ye)何時走出(chu)當前困境持懷(huai)疑態度(du)(du)，因此(ci)辦(ban)理(li)融(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)業(ye)務的(de)(de)積極(ji)性和(he)(he)主(zhu)動(dong)性不強(qiang)，甚至采取(qu)嚴控和(he)(he)壓(ya)縮(suo)的(de)(de)態度(du)(du)。環保成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)自(zi)2012/13年(nian)開(kai)始發力(li)，沖擊力(li)度(du)(du)類似2008年(nian)的(de)(de)新勞動(dong)法，對(dui)輕(qing)(qing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)行業(ye)的(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)紙、皮革等諸多(duo)行業(ye)有影響(xiang)。隨著人(ren)(ren)民(min)幣匯(hui)率雙向(xiang)波動(dong)加劇(ju)，主(zhu)要貿易伙伴(ban)的(de)(de)貨幣大(da)(da)幅度(du)(du)貶值，對(dui)企(qi)業(ye)出(chu)口(kou)(kou)影響(xiang)巨大(da)(da)。隨著人(ren)(ren)民(min)幣匯(hui)率雙向(xiang)波動(dong)加劇(ju)，國(guo)際市(shi)場(chang)客商(shang)延遲付款現象明(ming)顯增多(duo)。國(guo)際客商(shang)長(chang)單(dan)、大(da)(da)單(dan)減少;企(qi)業(ye)接長(chang)單(dan)、大(da)(da)單(dan)的(de)(de)意愿(yuan)也普遍不高(gao)，多(duo)數企(qi)業(ye)特別是(shi)中(zhong)小企(qi)業(ye)在價格(ge)談判和(he)(he)匯(hui)率鎖定方面困難重重，對(dui)出(chu)口(kou)(kou)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)嚴重壓(ya)力(li)。受此(ci)影響(xiang)，國(guo)內外企(qi)業(ye)紛(fen)紛(fen)外遷，如全(quan)球最(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)運動(dong)鞋(xie)代工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)裕(yu)元公司(si)，近年(nian)來在我國(guo)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)量縮(suo)減，東(dong)(dong)莞工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠的(de)(de)用工(gong)(gong)(gong)從4萬～5萬人(ren)(ren)減到(dao)2000～3000人(ren)(ren)，深圳工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠從5萬人(ren)(ren)減到(dao)6000人(ren)(ren)，而(er)其(qi)在越(yue)南的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠用工(gong)(gong)(gong)已達6萬人(ren)(ren)。
