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一、公用事業行業總述

公(gong)用(yong)(yong)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)指服務于(yu)城市(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產、流通和(he)居民(min)(min)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活的各項事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，比如(ru)工商業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展的用(yong)(yong)水用(yong)(yong)電以及居民(min)(min)照明用(yong)(yong)的電力、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活用(yong)(yong)的自來水、取暖做飯用(yong)(yong)的燃氣和(he)熱力 公(gong)共交通等(deng)等(deng)。公(gong)用(yong)(yong)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)城市(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產經營、居民(min)(min)日常(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活所不可缺(que)少的事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，是(shi)城市(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存與發(fa)展的基礎和(he)基本條件。參照行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)分(fen)類(lei)標準(zhun)和(he)國內行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)慣(guan)例梳(shu)理歸納如(ru)下：

二、 公用事業行業的發展特點

(一)水務行業

從(cong)行(xing)業(ye)發展看，世(shi)界上第一座自(zi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠于1852年(nian)(nian)在美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)建(jian)成(cheng)。1883年(nian)(nian)，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)第一座自(zi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠上海楊樹(shu)浦水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠建(jian)成(cheng)投產。建(jian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)初(chu)期，大量水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廠由(you)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府投資(zi)(zi)新建(jian)且主導(dao)經(jing)營(ying)，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府負擔全(quan)部成(cheng)本，向社會無償供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。改革開放(fang)后，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)務(wu)行(xing)業(ye)逐步引入(ru)市(shi)場化體(ti)制，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)務(wu)資(zi)(zi)產建(jian)設加(jia)速(su)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)務(wu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)向社會有(you)償供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。同(tong)時，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府主導(dao)了(le)多次(ci)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)價(jia)改革。2002年(nian)(nian)以(yi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)務(wu)行(xing)業(ye)產業(ye)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策已經(jing)允許(xu)多元資(zi)(zi)本跨(kua)地(di)區、跨(kua)行(xing)業(ye)參與市(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)公用(yong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)經(jing)營(ying)，并結合特許(xu)經(jing)營(ying)的模式從(cong)事城市(shi)供排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)業(ye)務(wu)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際知(zhi)名的水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)務(wu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)如法國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)威立雅(ya)等相(xiang)繼進(jin)入(ru)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。同(tong)時，民營(ying)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)對水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)務(wu)行(xing)業(ye)也進(jin)行(xing)了(le)投資(zi)(zi)。我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)城市(shi)自(zi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)普及率較(jiao)高且現階段中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)整體(ti)制水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產能與需求相(xiang)比仍存(cun)有(you)一定(ding)釋(shi)放(fang)空間，自(zi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)供應行(xing)業(ye)已進(jin)入(ru)成(cheng)熟期;我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)污水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理率仍遠低(di)于發達(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平，污水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理還有(you)很大的發展空間，污水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理行(xing)業(ye)還處(chu)于成(cheng)長期。從行業特(te)征(zheng)(zheng)看，水務行業是典型(xing)的防御(yu)性(xing)行業，屬于(yu)資本(ben)、技術(shu)和資源(yuan)密集型(xing)行業，具有(you)明(ming)顯的區(qu)域(yu)性(xing)、壟斷性(xing)和公益性(xing)特(te)征(zheng)(zheng)。

(二)電力(li)行(xing)業

從行(xing)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展看，19世紀(ji)70年(nian)(nian)代(dai)，電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)發(fa)明和應用(yong)(yong)掀起了(le)(le)第(di)二次工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)化高潮(chao)，從此改(gai)變(bian)了(le)(le)人們的(de)(de)生(sheng)活。1875年(nian)(nian)，法國(guo)建成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)世界上第(di)一(yi)座火電(dian)廠。19世紀(ji)80年(nian)(nian)代(dai)，在英國(guo)和美國(guo)建成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)世界上第(di)一(yi)批水電(dian)站。新中國(guo)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立(li)初期(qi)(qi)，在中央領導下，電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)實行(xing)集(ji)中管制(zhi)(zhi)與統一(yi)調控。從十(shi)一(yi)屆(jie)三中全會以后(hou)，中國(guo)的(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)進入了(le)(le)改(gai)革探索(suo)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)，遵行(xing)"政企分(fen)開(kai)(kai)，省(sheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)實體(ti)，聯合(he)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)，統一(yi)調度，集(ji)資辦電(dian)”的(de)(de)改(gai)革原(yuan)則，于1993年(nian)(nian)1月11日(ri)宣告成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立(li)了(le)(le)華(hua)北、東北、華(hua)東、華(hua)中、西北五(wu)大(da)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)集(ji)團。2002年(nian)(nian)，電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革加(jia)速，國(guo)務院下發(fa)《國(guo)務院關于印發(fa)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革方案的(de)(de)通知》，決定(ding)對電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)實施以“廠網(wang)(wang)分(fen)開(kai)(kai)、競(jing)價(jia)上網(wang)(wang)、打(da)破壟斷、引入競(jing)爭”為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)要內容的(de)(de)新一(yi)輪電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革。此后(hou)，原(yuan)國(guo)家電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公司(si)拆分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)兩大(da)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)公司(si)和五(wu)大(da)發(fa)電(dian)集(ji)團，電(dian)價(jia)改(gai)革也在不斷深化。2015年(nian)(nian)底(di)，我國(guo)人均(jun)裝(zhuang)機(ji)約1.11千瓦，人均(jun)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)量約4142千瓦時(shi)，均(jun)超世界平(ping)(ping)均(jun)水平(ping)(ping)。中國(guo)已經成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)全球規模最大(da)的(de)(de)風電(dian)和光(guang)伏市場。隨著前期(qi)(qi)開(kai)(kai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建設(she)的(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)設(she)備(bei)(bei)逐步投入運行(xing)，局部(bu)地區(qu)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)供過于求，設(she)備(bei)(bei)利用(yong)(yong)小時(shi)數偏低，電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統整(zheng)體(ti)利用(yong)(yong)效率下降。我國(guo)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)供應將進入持續寬(kuan)松的(de)(de)新階(jie)段(duan)，電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)也已進入了(le)(le)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟期(qi)(qi)。

從行業特征看(kan)，電力行業是強周期行業，屬(shu)于(yu)資金(jin)、技術和資源密集型行業，具(ju)有明顯(xian)的(de)周期性(xing)(xing)、區域性(xing)(xing)、季節性(xing)(xing)特征，且(qie)國有壟斷(duan)性(xing)(xing)特征顯(xian)著。

從行業內各種發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)對(dui)比看(kan)，火(huo)力(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是最(zui)(zui)(zui)主要(yao)的發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成本較(jiao)低，但屬(shu)于(yu)不可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能源(yuan)、污染嚴重(zhong);水(shui)利發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)屬(shu)于(yu)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能源(yuan)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成本最(zui)(zui)(zui)低，但受季節影響(xiang)較(jiao)大且(qie)有(you)可(ke)(ke)能導(dao)致生(sheng)(sheng)態破壞;核(he)能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)屬(shu)于(yu)清(qing)潔能源(yuan)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)、成本適中，但技(ji)術(shu)要(yao)求高、安全(quan)隱患(huan)較(jiao)大;太陽能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)屬(shu)于(yu)清(qing)潔的可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能源(yuan)、安全(quan)可(ke)(ke)靠，但發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)且(qie)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成本較(jiao)高;風力(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)屬(shu)于(yu)清(qing)潔的可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能源(yuan)，但發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)且(qie)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成本較(jiao)高。根據(ju)國家(jia)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)改革委、國家(jia)能源(yuan)局(ju)最(zui)(zui)(zui)新(xin)發(fa)(fa)布的《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)“十三五(wu)”規劃》，“十三五(wu)”期(qi)間(jian)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)將受到壓縮，風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光伏、水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)將迎(ying)來更大的發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)機遇，其中水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)作為中國目前開發(fa)(fa)程(cheng)度最(zui)(zui)(zui)高、技(ji)術(shu)相(xiang)對(dui)成熟的清(qing)潔可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能源(yuan)，在(zai)未來將發(fa)(fa)揮更加重(zhong)要(yao)的作用。

(三)燃氣行(xing)業

從行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)看，燃(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)源(yuan)主(zhu)要包(bao)括人工燃(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、液化石(shi)油(you)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、天(tian)然(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)(yi)天(tian)然(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為主(zhu)。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)是世(shi)(shi)界上最早開發(fa)利用(yong)燃(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)之一。新(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)成(cheng)立后，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)煤氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)事業(ye)(ye)(ye)得到(dao)迅速發(fa)展(zhan)，液化石(shi)油(you)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)也(ye)在全國(guo)(guo)(guo)得到(dao)推廣應(ying)用(yong)。改(gai)(gai)革開放(fang)(fang)以(yi)(yi)來，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)燃(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)入大(da)發(fa)展(zhan)時期(qi)，燃(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)主(zhu)要由政府和國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)壟斷經營。2002年(nian)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)發(fa)改(gai)(gai)委發(fa)布(bu)新(xin)的(de)《外(wai)商(shang)(shang)投(tou)資產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)指導目錄(lu)》，將原禁(jin)止外(wai)商(shang)(shang)投(tou)資的(de)燃(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、熱(re)力、給排水(shui)等城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)基礎(chu)設(she)(she)施首次(ci)列為對外(wai)開放(fang)(fang)領(ling)域，這一政策加(jia)快了(le)外(wai)商(shang)(shang)進(jin)軍大(da)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)天(tian)然(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)的(de)步(bu)伐，民營企業(ye)(ye)(ye)也(ye)迅速進(jin)入燃(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)。目前，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)燃(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)普及率整體較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)，但區(qu)域發(fa)展(zhan)不(bu)平(ping)衡(heng)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)東部(bu)及南部(bu)沿海(hai)省市(shi)(shi)燃(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)普及率較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)，而中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西部(bu)省市(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)及東北地(di)區(qu)由于設(she)(she)施建(jian)設(she)(she)不(bu)完備(bei)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)源(yuan)不(bu)足等問題導致普及率偏低(di)。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)結構長期(qi)以(yi)(yi)煤炭為主(zhu)，天(tian)然(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)消(xiao)費占比遠(yuan)低(di)于世(shi)(shi)界平(ping)均水(shui)平(ping)，未來高(gao)效、清(qing)潔的(de)天(tian)然(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)發(fa)展(zhan)潛力巨大(da)。根據國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)發(fa)改(gai)(gai)委最新(xin)發(fa)布(bu)的(de)《天(tian)然(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)發(fa)展(zhan)“十三五”規劃》，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)將繼(ji)續推動燃(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)使用(yong),至2020年(nian)將燃(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在基礎(chu)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)耗中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)比重(zhong)提(ti)升至8.3-10%(2015 年(nian)天(tian)然(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在基礎(chu)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)費中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)比重(zhong)為5.9%),即消(xiao)費量達(da)到(dao)3,000億(yi)-3,600億(yi)立方(fang)米(mi)。因(yin)此，燃(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)仍處(chu)于成(cheng)長期(qi)。

從行(xing)業特征看，燃氣行(xing)業是典型的防御性行(xing)業，屬于資本、技術(shu)和(he)(he)資源密(mi)集型行(xing)業，具(ju)有明顯的區域性、壟(long)斷性和(he)(he)公(gong)益性特征。

三、 公用事業行業的產業鏈

(一)水務行業

從業務運行(xing)(xing)看，2016年(nian)(nian)底，我國水(shui)務行(xing)(xing)業規(gui)模(mo)以上企(qi)(qi)業達到1620家(jia)，較上年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)加(jia)123家(jia)，其中虧損(sun)企(qi)(qi)業364家(jia)，行(xing)(xing)業虧損(sun)總額59.7億元，同比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長6.8%。2016年(nian)(nian)，我國水(shui)務行(xing)(xing)業規(gui)模(mo)以上企(qi)(qi)業實現主營業務收入2076億元，同比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長9.4%，與(yu)上年(nian)(nian)相比(bi)(bi)提(ti)升0.1個(ge)百(bai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)點(dian)(dian)，高(gao)于(yu)全國工業增(zeng)速(su)(4.9%)4.5個(ge)百(bai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)點(dian)(dian);水(shui)務行(xing)(xing)業實現利潤(run)總額接近200億元，同比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長14.3%，與(yu)上年(nian)(nian)相比(bi)(bi)下降27.2個(ge)百(bai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)點(dian)(dian)，高(gao)于(yu)全國工業利潤(run)增(zeng)速(su)(8.5%)5.8個(ge)百(bai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)點(dian)(dian)。

從(cong)行(xing)業(ye)內競(jing)爭(zheng)看(kan)，我國水資(zi)源總體貧(pin)乏且分(fen)布(bu)(bu)不均勻，大部分(fen)的(de)水資(zi)源集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)在長江流域(yu)及以南地(di)區(qu)，廣大北(bei)方和部分(fen)沿海地(di)區(qu)水資(zi)源嚴(yan)重(zhong)不足(zu)。現階(jie)段我國水務區(qu)域(yu)經(jing)營界限(xian)尚未打開，水務行(xing)業(ye)的(de)經(jing)營壟斷性(xing)強，其中(zhong)自來水供應行(xing)業(ye)內公司(si)處(chu)于高度(du)分(fen)散狀態，彼(bi)此之間競(jing)爭(zheng)較(jiao)小，行(xing)業(ye)集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)度(du)較(jiao)低(di);污水處(chu)理(li)行(xing)業(ye)較(jiao)自來水供應分(fen)布(bu)(bu)相對集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(前十家市(shi)場占比(bi)不到20%)，但仍顯著低(di)于其他(ta)行(xing)業(ye)。

從產業(ye)鏈看，水(shui)(shui)(shui)務行(xing)業(ye)的上(shang)游主要(yao)是水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)，下游是各類居民、商業(ye)和(he)工業(ye)用(yong)戶。影(ying)響水(shui)(shui)(shui)務行(xing)業(ye)發展的關鍵要(yao)素主要(yao)包括：(1)收入端：區(qu)域環境(區(qu)域經濟發達程度和(he)人口密度等)、定價機制;(2)成本端：水(shui)(shui)(shui)務損耗、飲水(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)污水(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)放標準;(3)其(qi)他：水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)稟賦、地方政(zheng)府(fu)基(ji)礎(chu)實(shi)力、環保政(zheng)策等。

(二(er))電(dian)力行業

從業務運行看，“十三五(wu)”時期(qi)，我國經濟進入(ru)增(zeng)長(chang)速度換擋期(qi)，轉型升級(ji)的關鍵期(qi)，增(zeng)速從(cong)高速增(zeng)長(chang)轉向中高速增(zeng)長(chang)，GDP年(nian)均增長7%，經(jing)濟增長方式(shi)、經(jing)濟結構將發生深(shen)刻(ke)變化(hua)，從而使能源需求增速放緩，特別是沿海(hai)發達地區(qu)，產(chan)能過剩現象將逐步顯現。經(jing)濟“新(xin)常態”的影響對現有發電行(xing)業及上(shang)下游產(chan)業的盈利水平將下滑。發電側競(jing)價上(shang)網(wang)預(yu)期(qi)強烈，火(huo)電利用(yong)小時數(shu)下降，小機組、內陸電廠經(jing)營(ying)將面臨(lin)挑戰，這必然會影響行(xing)業的發展。

從產業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈看(kan)，電力行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)上(shang)游行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)主要是(shi)采(cai)掘業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)煤(mei)炭行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、電氣設(she)備(bei)制造和工程建設(she)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，下游行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)則是(shi)鋼鐵、有色、化工和建材等(deng)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)電行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和居民用(yong)電。影響電力行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展的(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)要素主要包括：(1)收入端：宏觀(guan)經濟景氣度、上(shang)網電價;(2)成本(ben)端：煤(mei)炭價格(ge)和設(she)備(bei)利用(yong)率;(3)其他：自然氣候(hou)、電改(gai)政策和環(huan)保政策等(deng)。

(三)燃氣(qi)行(xing)業(ye)

從業務(wu)運行看(kan)，2015年(nian)底，我國常規天(tian)然(ran)氣(qi)地質(zhi)資(zi)源量(liang)(liang)68 萬(wan)億(yi)立方米(mi)，累計探明(ming)地質(zhi)儲量(liang)(liang)約13萬(wan)億(yi)立方米(mi)，探明(ming)程度19%，處于勘探早期。中國城市(shi)燃氣(qi)行業快速發(fa)展，燃氣(qi)使用量(liang)(liang)、管網長度及用氣(qi)人(ren)口(kou)等均呈較快增長。2015年(nian)，全國城市(shi)燃氣(qi)(含(han)縣城)供應(ying)總量(liang)(liang)達到(dao)1262億(yi)立方米(mi)，銷(xiao)售量(liang)(liang)為1241億(yi)立方米(mi)，管網長度達到(dao)64萬(wan)千米(mi)，用氣(qi)人(ren)口(kou)達到(dao)5.6億(yi)人(ren)，各類加氣(qi)站(zhan)達到(dao)4663座，城市(shi)燃氣(qi)普及率達到(dao)95.3%。

從行業(ye)(ye)(ye)內競爭(zheng)看，我(wo)國(guo)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)壟(long)斷與競爭(zheng)并存。由于(yu)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)網等(deng)基礎設施在(zai)特(te)定區(qu)域內具有不(bu)可復(fu)制的(de)(de)自然壟(long)斷性，地(di)方國(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)背(bei)景(jing)的(de)(de)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)憑借先發優勢在(zai)特(te)定的(de)(de)區(qu)域內獲得特(te)許經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)權并占據(ju)相(xiang)對的(de)(de)壟(long)斷經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)地(di)位(wei)，主要從事市(shi)(shi)(shi)域燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)網鋪(pu)設以及(ji)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)銷售(shou)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務。在(zai)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場化(hua)政策鼓(gu)勵(li)下(xia)，外(wai)資企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和民營(ying)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)積極進軍大中城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)然氣(qi)(qi)(qi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場，市(shi)(shi)(shi)場競爭(zheng)因素(su)日(ri)趨增(zeng)強。目前，我(wo)國(guo)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)分為兩類：一是歷(li)史(shi)承襲下(xia)來的(de)(de)在(zai)本地(di)區(qu)擁有燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)專營(ying)權的(de)(de)地(di)方國(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，如京、滬、津、渝、穗、蓉、深等(deng)地(di)方國(guo)有燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)公司;二是跨區(qu)域經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)運營(ying)商，以中石油(you)旗下(xia)的(de)(de)昆侖(lun)能(neng)源以及(ji)中國(guo)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)華潤燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)、港(gang)華燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)和新(xin)奧能(neng)源大集團為代(dai)表。參照發達(da)國(guo)家和地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)運營(ying)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)成功經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗，燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)未來的(de)(de)發展重點在(zai)于(yu)向上下(xia)游產業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈持續(xu)延伸、開展增(zeng)值業(ye)(ye)(ye)務和能(neng)源服務拓展等(deng)方面。

從產業(ye)鏈看，燃(ran)氣(qi)行業(ye)的(de)上游(you)行業(ye)主要是采掘行業(ye)的(de)石油(you)天然氣(qi)開(kai)采、煤炭開(kai)采和(he)管道運(yun)輸，下游(you)是各(ge)類居民、商(shang)業(ye)和(he)工業(ye)用戶。影響(xiang)燃(ran)氣(qi)行業(ye)發展的(de)關鍵(jian)要素(su)主要包括：(1)收入端(duan)：區域環境(jing)(區域經(jing)濟(ji)發達程度和(he)人口密度等)、消費升(sheng)級、氣(qi)候條件(jian)和(he)定價(jia)機制;(2)成本(ben)端(duan)：氣(qi)源穩定性;(3)其他：與其他能源的(de)比(bi)價(jia)關系、地方政(zheng)府基礎(chu)實力、環保政(zheng)策(ce)、安全(quan)生產等。